丹麦在残疾领域的社会保障

丹麦残疾人组织主席Sltg Langrad

摘要：

1. 关于丹麦残疾人组织（DPOD）

它是丹麦残疾运动的一个伞式组织，成立于1934年，有32个成员组织，超过32万名会员，他们代表了所有类型的残疾（包括上级组织）。DPOD从事于残疾的政治事务，涵盖了社会的各个方面——主流化。DPOD的主要目标是维护成员组织双方商定的共同利益。典型的共同任务是就社会养老金和其他社会福利、医疗、健康 护理、技术辅助设备以及其他对所有残疾团体都比较重要的普遍问题——比如教育、劳务市场问题、保险和人权这类问题，与国家政府谈判。无论何时政府——国家、地区和地方——与残疾人协商，或者希望有人代表残疾人，DPOD 都作为进行协商的组织或者被要求派出代表。这是丹麦几乎所有的政府部门和社会领域的情况。

2. 丹麦残疾运动的各个层面

DPOD的基础是联合国残疾人权利公约规定的独立生活和自我决定的原则。当前公约的目的是促进、保护和保证所有残疾人全面和平等享有所有人权和基本自由，并促进对他们的人格尊严的尊重。

残疾人包括那些有长期身体、精神、智力或者感觉损伤，从而带来多种障碍，妨碍他们在与他人平等的基础上全面有效地融入社会的人。

残疾的个人应当有权对在哪里和如何生活作出自己的决定，而与其残疾无关。当残疾的个人有视觉损伤、听觉损伤、行动能力损伤或者精神功能损伤时，他们应当有权作出他们自己的决定，并得到有尊严的对待。父母要依据儿童和残疾公约，尊重患有残疾的儿童。

3. 丹麦环境下的社会保障和残疾政策

丹麦是一个很小的国家。居民人口大约为550万人。丹麦福利社会的基础是一种收入相关的税收融资型分配政策。通过税收来对收入进行再分配，国家和地方城市得以能够为一系列的服务付费。例如，儿童护理、教育、住院和健康护理。国家和行政市都有权征税。税收制度是渐进式的。这就是说，收入较高的人群交更多的税。丹麦的税率是全球最高的税率之一。福利政策是昂贵的。

丹麦残疾政策的目标是机会均等。残疾人应当能够在同等水平参与所有的社会活动。补偿原则是丹麦的机会均等原则之中的一个核心元素。

补偿原则意味着社会为残疾人提供一系列的服务和扶助，以尽量限制或者抵消他们的残疾所带来的后果。补偿可能涉及个人支援和服务，例如，一把轮椅或者一项额外费用的补贴，但是也涉及在一般意义上融入社会。除了少量的例外之外，提供服务时不考虑残疾人的收入或资本——即一种普遍权利。事实上，融入社会和个人需求之间有着紧密的联系。如果一位残疾人几乎不可能在大街上四处走动、走进建筑物以及使用公共交通系统等，那么他们就“无疑”会需要更多的个人帮助。

4. 社会保障意味着宽泛的视角

另一个重要的原则是主流化原则（部门责任）。这一原则意味着，在一个社会特殊领域的残疾人机会均等的责任，依托在了对所说领域负有一般责任的权力机构上。每个公共部门要考虑到， 残疾人有特殊的需求。这意味着每个部门都愿意在所有有障碍和不足的地方，对残疾人进行补偿。这也同时意味着，残疾问题不能被简化为社会政策。其理念是在教育等领域，他们最清楚。

社会保障意味着能进入劳务市场，能接受教育，能享受健康 护理，享受文化资源，进行体育活动，当然了，还有获得补偿。

5. 残疾运动的影响

丹麦制度的特点是分散式的公共部门。在框架的框架之中，行政市有权决定地方层面的服务。这种十分分散的制度意味着一种十分高效的投诉制度。由于不必要的差异，重要的一点是个人有机会对决策进行投诉。也有必要让另一个权威机构有机会推翻决策，只要那些决策是错误的。这会同时导致一定的、并且必要的一致性。DPOD是该投诉体系中担任代表的理事会和委员会之一。

DPOD寻求通过与地方和中央层面——以及欧盟层面的从政人士的接触来施加影响。在中央层面，DPOD 与丹麦各个国家部委合作，并寻求通过听证会过程来影响立法。DPOD不断地寻求与来

Social security in Denmark within the disability field

Abstract:

1. About Disabled Peoples Organisations Denmark (DPOD)
An umbrella organisation for the Danish disability movement since 1934. 32 member or-ganisations with more than 320.000 members representing all types of disabilities (includ-ing parents organisations). DPOD are engaged in disability politics covering al aspects of society - mainstreaming. The principal objective of DPOD is to take care of the mutual agreed common interests of the member organisations. Characteristic common tasks are negotiations with the national government on issues like social pensions and other social benefits, medicine, health care, technical aids, and other general questions of importance to all disability groups - such as education, labour market questions, insurance and human rights. Whenever the government – national, regional and local - consults with disabled people or wants disabled people to be represented, DPOD is the organisation consulted or asked to designate representatives. This is the situation in respect to almost all the Danish ministries and areas of society.

2. Perspectives for the Danish disability movement

DPOD are based on the principles of independent living and self-determination within the UN Convention on the Rights of persons with disabilities. The purpose of the present Con-vention is to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity.
Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
The individual should have the right to make its own decisions about where and how to live, independently to the disability. Whether the individual has impaired vision, impaired hearing, impaired mobility or impaired mental function, they should have the right to make their own decisions and to be treated with dignity. Parents represent children with disabili-ties in accordance with the child and disability convention.

3. Social security and disability policy within a Danish context.

Denmark is a very small country. The number of inhabitants are about 5.5 million. The Danish welfare society is based on an income related tax-financed distributions policy. Through redistribution of income by taxation, the state and local municipalities pay for a number of services. For instance childcare, education, hospitalisation and health care. Both the state and the municipality have the right to collect taxes. The tax system is progressive. This means, that people with a higher income pay more tax. The rate of taxation is one of the highest in the world. Welfare policy is expensive.
The objective of Danish disability policy is equalisation of opportunities. People with dis-abilities shall be able to join all the activities in society on equal level. The principle of compensation is a central element in the principle of equalisation of opportunities in Den-mark.
The principle of compensation implies, that society offers persons with disabilities a num-ber of services and aids in order to limit or offset the consequences of their disabilities as much as possible. Compensation might be about individual support and service, for exam-ple a wheelchair or a subsidy toward extra costs, but also about the access to society in general. Apart from a few exceptions, the services will be offered irrespectively of the per-sons` income or capital – a universal right. In fact there is a close connection between the access to society and the need of the individual. If it is almost impossible for a person with disability to walk around in the streets and get access to buildings, to use the public trans-port system and so on, they “simply” will need more individual help.

4. Social security means wide perspective

Another important principle is the principle of mainstreaming (sector responsibility). This principle implies that responsibility for the equalisation of opportunities for disabled in a specific area in society is placed with the authority responsible in general for the area in question. Each public sector might take into account, that people with disabilities have spe-cial needs. This implies that each sector has the willingness to compensate for disability in all places with obstacles and lacks. It also means that disability issues cannot be reduced to social policy. The philosophy is that in the area of education etc. they know best.
Social security means access to the labour market, access to education, access to health care, access to culture, access to sport and of course access to compensation.

5. The influence off the disability movement

The Danish system is characterised by a decentralised public sector. Within the framework of legislation, the municipality has the right to decide a local level of service. This very strongly decentralised system implies a very efficient complaint system. Because of the unwanted differences it is important for the individual to have the possibility to complain the decision. It is also necessary, that another authority has the possibility to reverse deci-sions, if they are wrong. This will at the same time lead to a certain and necessary unifor-mity. DPOD are among others council and boards represented in the complaining system.
DPOD seek influence through contact with the politicians both at local and central level – and at European level. At the central level DPOD cooperate with the Danish Ministries and seek influence at the legislation through hearing processes. Continuously DPOD seek dia-log with members of the Danish parliament from different parties, depending on the issues. At the local level the local municipalities are obliged to set up a disability council with rep-resentatives from both the local municipality and the local DPOD Department.

--(本文摘自《残疾人社会保障与服务国际论坛暨第三届中国残疾人事业发展论坛论文集》)