德国残疾政策介绍

（2009年12月1-3日，中国广东）

摘要

Stefanie Pagel

德国的残疾政策涉及到德国大约10％的人口。如果你计入他们的家庭成员的话，那么这项政策所涉及的人还要更多。我的演讲概述了德国残疾政策的基本原则、主要法律框架以及提供面向残疾人的社会保障的有关参与者，还有这一政策领域所面临的未来挑战。

我的演讲简短地介绍了德国从1998年发起的、目的在于培养残疾人自理和参与社会生活范例的变化。为了实现这一目标，建立一个法律框架是必要的。德国的这种法律框架主要基于三个法律支柱。《一般平等待遇法》禁止歧视残疾人 ，包括职业生活和日常生活中的非歧视原则。《社会法典第9编》是现代康复制度的基础。《平等法》旨在促进社会的可融入性。

此外，我的演讲集中介绍了有关的参与者。德国的残疾政策是一个多层面的政策领域（联邦、联邦州（Lander）和地方层面），同时也包含多个部门（国家、私人和非盈利部门）。看一看不同的层面和部门是有益的。在联邦层面，会介绍联邦劳工和社会事务部作为领导部门的任务。该部负责残疾政策的某些方面。但是同时它也作为一个接口，代表残疾问题在不同的国家部委之间进行协调，以保证残疾问题得到考虑。除了联邦层面之外，德国的联邦州（Lander）也负责残疾政策的某些方面，还有地方层面。再者，考察作为提供面向残疾人的社会服务参与者的国家和非盈利部门也比较重要。非盈利部门的福利组织是德国社会保障制度的一个基本特征。

2009年残疾政策的一个里程碑是将《联合国残疾人权利公约》（联合国公约 ）移植到了德国法律之中。对于德国而言， 联合国公约会带来新的动力，从而加强和深化残疾人的参与。我的演讲讲到了联邦劳工和社会事务部的初步设想，那就是将一项国家行动计划作为全面和长期实施联合国公约的一个工具，其实施涵盖了所有主要参与者，包括民间团体。在一个国家行动计划的框架之内，德国也努力探讨应对即将来临的挑战的解决方案，比如人口变化、残疾和移民问题的横跨领域以及改善资料的解决方案。
 

The International Forum on Social Security & Social Services for People with Disabilities

(1-3 December 2009, Guangdong, China)

Abstract

Stefanie Pagel

Disability policy in Germany is a policy which relates to about 10% of the German population. If you take their families members into account a lot more persons are concerned by this policy field. The speech gives an overview about the basic principles of German disability policy, the main legal framework as well as the relevant actors providing social security for persons with disabilities and the future challenges for this policy field.

The speech introduces shortly the change of paradigms in Germany initiated in 1998 aiming at fostering self-determination and the participation of persons with disabilities in the life of society. With regard to this goal a legal framework is required. The German one bases mainly on three legal pillars. The General Equal Treatment Act prohibits the discrimination of persons with disabilites covering the principle of non-discrimination in working life and in everyday life. The Social Code Book Nine is the basis for a modern system of rehabilition. The Law on Equality aims at promoting accessibility in society.

Furthermore the speech focuses on the relevant actors. Disability Policy in Germany is a multi-level policy field (federal, L.nder and local level) which also comprises different sectors (state, private and non-profit sector). It is useful have a look at the different levels and sectors. At the federal level the task of the Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs as the lead ministry will be described. The Ministry is responsible for certain aspects of disability policy. But it also acts in terms of an interface by representing disability issues in processes of coordination between different ministries in order to guarantee their consideration. Beside the federal level the German Lnder are also responsible for certain aspects of disability policy as well as the local level. Moreover it is important to look at the state and the non-profit sector as actors providing social services for persons with disabilities. The welfare organisations of the non-profit sector are an essential feature of the German social security system.

A milestone of disability policy in 2009 was the transposition of the Convention of the United Nations on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN Convention) into German law. For Germany, the UN Convention will give new impetus to strengthen and further develop the participation of persons with disabilities. The speech covers first thoughts of the Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs for a national action plan as a tool for a comprehensive and long-term implementation of the UN Convention involving all major players including civil society. Within the framework of a national action plan Germany also strives for discussing solutions for upcoming challenges like the demographic change, the cross-cutting aspects of disability and migration and the improvement of data.

--(本文摘自《残疾人社会保障与服务国际论坛暨第三届中国残疾人事业发展论坛论文集》)